The foundation of popular music is the "verse" and "chorus" structure.
Structure according to the wikipedia:
ARTIST: George Michael
TRACK: Faith
LENGTH: 03'14
Structure according to the wikipedia:
INSTRUMENTAL INTRODUCTION
The introduction is a unique section that comes at the beginning of the piece. Generally speaking, an introduction will contain just music and no words. It usually builds up suspense for the listener so when the downbeat drops in, it creates a pleasing sense of release. The intro also creates the atmosphere of the song. As such, the rhythm section typically plays in the "feel" of the song which is to follow. For example, for a blues shuffle, a band will start playing a shuffle rhythm. In some songs, the intro is one or more bars of the tonic chord (the "home" key of the song). With songs, another role of the intro is to give the singer the key of the song. For this reason, even if an intro includes chords other than the tonic, it generally ends with a cadence, either on the tonic or dominant chord.
The introduction may also be based around the chords used in the verse, chorus, or bridge, or a stock "turnaround" progression may be played, such as the I–vi–ii–V progression (particularly in jazz influenced pop songs). More rarely, the introduction may begin by suggesting or implying another key. For example, a song in C Major might begin with an introduction in G Major, which will make the listener think that the song will eventually be in G Major. A cliche used to indicate to the listener that this G Major section is in fact the dominant chord of another key area is to add the dominant seventh, which in this case would shift the harmony to a G7 chord. In some cases, an introduction contains only drums or percussion parts which set the rhythm and "groove" for the song. Alternately the introduction may consist of a solo section sung by the lead singer (or a group of backup singers), or a riff played by an instrumentalist.
The most straightforward, and least risky way to write an introduction is to use a section from the song. This will contain melodic themes from the song, chords from one of the song's sections, and the beat and style of the song. However, not all songs have an intro of this type. Some songs have an intro which does not use any of the material from the song that is to follow. With this type of intro, the goal is to create interest in the listener and make them unsure of what will happen. This type of intro could consist of a series of loud, accented chords, punctuated by cymbal crashes, with a bassline beginning near the end, to act as a pitch reference point for the singer.
VERSE
In popular music, a verse roughly corresponds to a poetic stanza because it consists of rhyming lyrics most often with an AABB or ABAB rhyme scheme. When two or more sections of the song have almost identical music and different lyrics, each section is considered one verse. It is not to be confused with a pre-verse, which is an interlude between the introduction of a song and its opening verse. Although less common now, the pre-verse technique was popular with the surf music of the 1960s.[citation needed]Musically, "the verse is to be understood as a unit that prolongs the tonic....The musical structure of the verse nearly always recurs at least once with a different set of lyrics".[3] The tonic or "home key" chord of a song can be prolonged in a number of ways. Often, pop and rock songs use chords closely related to the tonic, such as iii or vi, to prolong the tonic. In the key of C Major, the iii chord would be e minor and the vi chord would be a minor. These chords are considered to be closely related to the tonic because they share chord tones. For example, the chord e minor includes the notes "E" and "G", both of which are part of the C Major triad. Similarly, the chord a minor includes the notes "C" and "E", both of which are part of the C Major triad.
Lyrically, "the verse contains the details of the song: the story, the events, images and emotions that the writer wishes to express....Each verse will have different lyrics from the others."[1] "A verse exists primarily to support the chorus or refrain...both musically and lyrically."[4] A verse of a song, is a repeated sung melody where the words change from use to use (though not necessarily a great deal).
Optional: PRE-CHORUS
An optional section that may occur after the verse is the "pre-chorus". Also referred to as a "build", "channel", or "transitional bridge", the pre-chorus functions to connect the verse to the chorus with intermediary material, typically using subdominant (usually built on the IV chord or ii chord, which in the key of C Major would be an F Major or d minor chord) or similar transitional harmonies. "Often, a two-phrase verse containing basic chords is followed by a passage, often harmonically probing, that leads to the full chorus."[5] Often when the verse and chorus involve the same harmonic structure, the pre-chorus will introduce a new harmonic pattern or a harmony that prepares the verse chords, in order to make the verse harmonies in the chorus seem fresh.
For example, if a song is in C Major, and the songwriter aims to get to a chorus that focuses on the dominant chord (G Major) being tonicized (treated like a "home key" for a short period), he could use a chord progression for the pre-chorus that gets the listener ready to hear the chorus' chord (G Major) as an arrival key. One widely used way to accomplish this is to precede the G Major chord with its own ii-V7 chords. In the key given, ii of G Major would be an A minor chord. V7 of G Major would be D7. As such, with the example song, this could be done by having a pre-chorus that consists of one bar of a minor and one bar of D7. This would lead the listener to expect a resolution from ii-V to I, which in this case is the temporary tonic of G Major. The chord a minor would not be unusual to the listener, as it is a shared chord that exists in both G Major and C Major. A minor is the ii chord in G Major, and it is the vi chord in C Major. The chord that would alert the listener that a change was taking place is the D7 chord. There is no D7 chord in C Major. A listener experienced with popular and traditional music would hear that this is a secondary dominant. Harmonic theorists and arrangers would call it V7/V or "five of five", as the D7 chord is the dominant (or fifth) chord of G Major.
CHORUS or REFRAIN
"The difference between refrain and chorus is not always cut-and-dried; both refer to passages of unchanging music and text providing a periodic sense of return."[6] "At times, the term 'refrain' has been used interchangeably with 'chorus.' Technically, the refrain may be considered anything that's not the verse....a song part that contains the hook or title and appears more than once in a song is usually called 'a chorus.'"[7]"The chorus contains the main idea, or big picture, of what is being expressed lyrically and musically. It is repeated throughout the song, and the melody and lyric rarely vary."[1] A refrain is, "a repeated line or musical phrase that ties a song together...A refrain is only a phrase, or a word, while a chorus contains many more words."[8] A refrain may be defined as a repetitive phrase or phrases that serve the function of a chorus lyrically but are not placed in a separate section and/or long enough so as to be considered a chorus.[4] For example, refrains are found in The Beatles' "She Loves You" ("yeah, yeah, yeah") AC/DC's "You Shook Me All Night Long", Paul Simon's "The Sound of Silence", and "Deck the Halls" ("fa la la la la").[8]The chorus or refrain is the element of the song that repeats at least once both musically and lyrically. It is almost always of greater musical and emotional intensity than the verse. "The chorus, which gets its name from a usual thickening of texture from the addition of backing vocals, is always a discrete section that nearly always prolongs the tonic and carries an unvaried poetic text."[9] In terms of narrative, the chorus conveys the main message or theme of the song. Normally the most memorable element of the song for listeners, the chorus usually contains the hook.
BRIDGE
A bridge may be "a transition", but more often in popular music is "a section that contrasts with the verse...[,] usually ends on the dominant...[, and] often culminates in a strong re-transitional".[9] "The bridge is a device that is used to break up the repetitive pattern of the song and keep the listener's attention....In a bridge, the pattern of the words and music change."[8] For example, John Denver's "Country Roads" is a song with a bridge while Stevie Wonder's "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" is a song without one.[8]In music theory, "middle eight" (a common type of bridge) refers to the section of a song which has a significantly different melody and lyrics, which helps the song develop itself in a natural way by creating a contrast to the previously played, usually placed after the second chorus in a song. (Typically, a song consists of first verse, pre-chorus, chorus, second verse, pre-chorus, chorus, middle eight, chorus).[citation needed] Such sections often consist of new chords, but also frequently just alternate between two chords. It is called a middle eight because it happens in the middle of the song and the length is generally eight bars. Jazz players also call this "the release".[citation needed]A song employing a middle eight might look like:
.... .... .... .... ........ .... ....
Intro-{Verse-Chorus}{Verse-Chorus}-Middle 8-{Chorus}-{Chorus}-(Outro)
Middle eights are often quieter than the remainder of the song,[citation needed] in contrast with the solo, which is generally more energetic. In slower songs, however, a middle eight can be used to generate energy.[original research?] By adding a powerful upbeat middle eight, musicians can then end the song with a hook in the end chorus and finale.
CONCLUSION or OUTRO
The conclusion or outro of a song is a way of ending or completing the song. It signals to the listeners (or dancers) that the song is nearing its close. The reason for having an outro is that if a song just ended at the last bar of a section, such as on the last verse or the last chorus, this might feel too abrupt for listeners and dancers. By using an outro, the songwriter signals that the song is nearing its end. This gives a good sense of closure for the listener. For DJs, the outro is a signal that they need to be ready to mix in their next song.
In general, songwriters and arrangers do not introduce any new melodies or riffs in the outro. However, a melody or riff that was used throughout the song may be re-used as part of an outro. In general, the outro is a section where the energy of the song, broadly defined, dissipates. For example, many songs are ended with a fade-out, in which the song gets quieter and quieter. In many songs, the band does a ritardando during the outro, a process of gradually slowing down the tempo. Both the fade-out and the ritardando are ways of decreasing the intensity of a song and signalling that it is nearing its conclusion.
For an outro that will be faded out, the arranger or songwriter typically repeats a short section of the music over and over. This can be the chorus, for example. An audio engineer then uses the fader on the mixing board to gradually decrease the volume of the recording. When a tribute band is playing a cover song which has a recording studio-engineered fade-out, the live band can imitate this by playing progressively more quietly.
Another way that many pop and rock songs end is with a tag. There are two types of tags: the instrumental tag and the instrumental/vocal tag. With an instrumental tag, the vocalist no longer sings, and the band's rhythm section takes over the music to finish off the song. A tag is often a vamp of a few chords which is repeated. In a jazz song, this could be a standard turnaround, such as I-vi-ii-V7 or a stock progression, such as ii-V7. If the tag includes the tonic chord, such as a vamp on I-IV, the bandleader will typically cue the last time that the penultimate chord (a IV chord in this case) will be played, leading to an ending on the I chord.
If the tag does not include the tonic chord, such as with a ii-V7 tag, the bandleader will give a cue to the band signalling when the band should do a cadence that resolves onto the tonic (I) chord. With an instrumental/vocal tag, the band and the vocalist typically repeat a section of the song, such as the chorus, to give emphasis to its message. In some cases, the vocalist may use only a few words from the chorus or even one word. Some bands have the guitar player do a guitar solo during the outro, but it is not the focus of the section; instead, it is more to add interesting improvisation. A guitar solo during an outro will typically be mixed lower than a mid-song guitar solo.
ELISION
An elision[citation needed] is a section of music where different sections overlap one another, usually for a short period. It is mostly used in fast-paced music, and it is designed to create tension and drama. Songwriters use elision to keep the song from losing its energy during cadences, the points at which the music comes to rest on, typically on a tonic or dominant chord. If a song has a section which ends with a cadence on the tonic, if the songwriter gives this cadence a full bar, with the chord held as a whole note, this will make the listener feel like the music is stopping. However, if songwriters use an elided cadence, they can bring the section to a cadence on the tonic, and then, immediately after this cadence, begin a new section of music which overlaps with the cadence. Another form of elision would, in a chorus later in the song, to interject musical elements from the bridge.
INSTRUMENTAL SOLO
A solo is a section designed to showcase an instrumentalist (e.g. a guitarist or a harmonica player) or less commonly, more than one instrumentalist (e.g., a trumpeter and a sax player). Guitar solos are common in rock music, particularly heavy metal and in the blues. The solo section may take place over the chords from the verse, chorus, or bridge, or over a standard solo backing progression, such as the 12-bar blues progression. In some pop songs, the solo performer plays the same melodies that were performed by the lead singer, often with flourishes and embellishments, such as riffs, scale runs, and arpeggios. In blues- or jazz-influenced pop songs, the solo performers may improvise a solo.
AD LIB
In Latin, ad libitum means "at will"; this is often shortened to ad lib. An ad lib section of a song (usually in the coda or outro) occurs when the main lead vocal or a second lead vocal breaks away from the already established lyric and/or melody to add melodic interest and intensity to the end of the song. Often, the ad lib repeats the previously sung line using variations on phrasing, melodic shape, and/or lyric, but the vocalist may also use entirely new lyrics or a lyric from an earlier section of the song. During an ad lib section, the rhythm may become freer (with the rhythm section following the vocalist), or the rhythm section may stop entirely, giving the vocalist the freedom to use whichever tempo he or she wishes. During live performances, singers sometimes include ad libs not originally in the song, such as making a reference to the town of the audience or customizing the lyrics to the current events of the era.
There is a distinction between ad lib as a song section and ad lib as a general term. Ad lib as a general term can be applied to any free interpretation of the musical material.
APPLYING TO A TRACK
(from Goodwin's Dancing In The Distraction Factory)
ARTIST: George Michael
TRACK: Faith
LENGTH: 03'14
- Instrumental introduction, 36 secs of church music & 3 secs of guitar
- Verse 1 00'40 - 00'59 Well I guess it would be nice
If I could touch your body
I know not everybody
Has got a body like you
But I've got to think twice
Before I give my heart away
And I know all the games you play
Because I play them too - Bridge 01'00 - 01'19 Oh but I
Need some time off from that emotion
Time to pick my heart up off the floor
Oh when that love comes down
Without devotion
Well it takes a strong man baby
But I'm showing you the door - Refrain/chorus 01'20 - 01'30 ‘Cause I gotta have faith
I gotta have faith
‘Cause I gotta have faith, faith
‘Cause I gotta have faith, faith, faith - Verse 2, 01'31 - 01'51 Baby,
I know you're asking me to stay
Say please, please, please don't go away
You say I'm giving you the blues
Maybe
You mean every word you say
Can't help but think of yesterday
And another who tied me down to loverboy rules - Bridge, 01'51 - 02'10 Before this river
Becomes an ocean
Before you throw my heart back on the floor
Oh oh baby I reconsider
My foolish notion
Well I need someone to hold me
But I'll wait for something more - Refrain/chorus, 02'10 - 02'20 Yes I've gotta have faith…
Mmm, I gotta have faith
‘Cause I gotta have faith, faith, faith
I gotta have faith-a-faith-a-faith - Guitar solo, 02'21 - 02'40 (over music from verse)
- Bridge, 02'41 - 03'00 Before this river
Becomes an ocean
Before you throw my heart back on the floor
Oh oh baby I reconsider
My foolish notion
Well I need someone to hold me
But I'll wait for something more - Pause/Silence, 03'00 - 03'02 (Breathing)
- Refrain/chorus 03'03 - 03'14 Cause I gotta have faith
Mmm I gotta have faith
Because I got to have faith-a-faith-a-faith
I gotta have faith-a-faith-a-faith
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